英文法を学ぼう! 〜受動態〜
受動態の基本形はbe動詞+過去分詞!
Q:どうやって作ればいいのか?
まず、受動態ではない文章の形(SVO)を能動態と言います。
受動態のSVOは能動態のOVSにそれぞれ当てはまります:
受動態:S(ーは)V(be動詞+過去分詞 / ーされる)O(byー / ーによって)
能動態:O(ーを)V(ーする)S(ーは)
受動態を作ることのできる文型:
第一文型:
He studies in the library.→受動態を作ることはできない
句動詞を使う場合は受動態が使える!
例:He looks after the dog.
受動態にすると... The dog is looked after by him.
第二文型:
This is a pen.→受動態を作ることはできない
第三文型:I study math.
受動態にすると... Math is studied by him.
第四文型:She gave him a T-shirt.
受動態にすると... He was given a T-shirt by her.
または
A T-shirt was given him by her.
第五文型:I saw him sleeping.
受動態にすると... He was seen sleeping by me.
受動態の否定文、疑問文の作り方:
肯定文:Math is studied by her.(数学は彼女によって勉強される。)
否定文:Math is not studied by her.
疑問文1:Is math studied by her?
疑問文2:What is studied by her?
疑問文3:By whom is math studied?
受動態の分ではbyの後がus, you, them などは大抵省略する!
能動態:They speak Chinese in China.
受動態:Chinese is spoken in China.
ダメな例:Chinese is spoken by them in China.
助動詞がある場合の受動態の使い方:
例文:The festival can be seen by us.(助動詞+be動詞+過去分詞)
肯定文:Science must be studied by us at school.
否定文:Science must not be studied by us at school.
疑問文1:Must science be studied by us at school?
疑問文2:What must be studied by us at school?
疑問文3:By whom must science be studied at school?
原料や材料を表す時に使う受動態:
材料:The chair is made of wood.
原料:Nylon is made from coal.
製品:Milk is made into cheese.
感情の他動詞:
例:I am interested in English.(私は英語に興味がある←日本語に訳すときは能動態で書く!)
もしこれを能動態にしたら...English interests me.(普通は使わない)
受動態の文で出てくるby 以外の前置詞:
1. He is known to many people.(彼はたくさんの人々に知られている。)
2. The park was covered with snow.(公園は雪で覆われていた。)
3. The glass is filled with water.(グラスは水で満たされている。)
→The glass is full of water. と同じ
4. The train is crowded with people.(電車は人々で混み合っている。)
受動態で基本書く文章:
1. I was born in 1993.(私は1993年に生まれた。)
2. The dog was drowned.(犬は溺死した。)
3. I was caught in a shower.(私はにわか雨にあった。)
4. He was mistaken about the book.(彼はその本について勘違いしていた。)
命令形の受動態:
能動態:Do it at one.(すぐにそれをしなさい)
受動態:Let it be done at once.(それがすぐになされるようにしなさい)
注意!不定詞句、節が続いた場合に前置詞は消える!
例:I was surprised at the news.(続いていないケース)
I was surprised to hear the news(不定詞句があるパターン)
→I was surprised to hear at the news.とはならない!
I was surprised when I heard the news.(節が続いているパターン)
→I was surprised when I heard at the news.とはならない!